Semiconductor device, manufacturing method for semiconductor device, and electronic device

ABSTRACT

There is provided a semiconductor device including a first semiconductor base substrate, a second semiconductor base substrate that is bonded onto a first surface side of the first semiconductor base substrate, a through electrode that is formed to penetrate from a second surface side of the first semiconductor base substrate to a wiring layer on the second semiconductor base substrate, and an insulation layer that surrounds a circumference of the through electrode formed inside the first semiconductor base substrate.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national stage application under 35 U.S.C. 371 andclaims the benefit of PCT Application No. PCT/JP2013/066876 having aninternational filing date of Jun. 19, 2013, which designated the UnitedStates, which PCT application claimed the benefit of Japanese PatentApplication No. 2012-147316 filed Jun. 29, 2012, and Japanese PatentApplication No. 2013-024505 filed Feb. 12, 2013, the disclosures of theabove-identified applications are incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present technology relates to a semiconductor device including athrough electrode of a semiconductor base substrate, a manufacturingmethod for the semiconductor device, and an electronic device includingthe semiconductor device.

BACKGROUND ART

Hitherto, semiconductor devices having a configuration in whichdifferent kinds of devices are bonded and a through electrode penetratesa base substrate of an upper chip and is connected to an electrode of alower base substrate have been suggested (for example, see PatentLiterature 1). In such a configuration, after an upper chip side basesubstrate and a lower chip side base substrate are bonded, a firstthrough electrode penetrating the upper chip side base substrate andconnected to an upper chip side electrode pad is formed. Likewise, asecond through electrode penetrating the upper chip side base substrateand connected to a lower chip side electrode pad is formed. Then,wirings are connected between the different kinds of chips through adamascene process of connecting the first through electrode to thesecond through electrode.

As a method of electrically isolating (insulating) a semiconductor basesubstrate from a through electrode, technologies for forming aninsulation film in advance in a semiconductor base substrate and forminga through electrode in the semiconductor base substrate within a regionsurrounded by the insulation film have been suggested (for example, seePatent Literatures 1 and 2).

CITATION LIST Patent Literature

Patent Literature 1: JP 2010-245506A

Patent Literature 1: JP 2008-251964A

Patent Literature 1: JP 2011-171567A

SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem

In the above-described semiconductor devices in which connection isachieved by the through electrodes, there is a demand for improvement inreliability of a semiconductor device and an electronic device byimproving reliability such as a connection property, an insulationproperty, and a barrier property of the through electrodes.

It is desirable in the present technology to provide a semiconductordevice and an electronic device in which reliability is high.

Solution to Problem

A semiconductor device of the present technology includes a firstsemiconductor base substrate, and a second semiconductor base substratethat is bonded on a first surface side of the first semiconductor basesubstrate. The semiconductor device further includes a through electrodethat is formed by penetrating from a second surface side of the firstsemiconductor base substrate to a wiring layer on the secondsemiconductor base substrate, and an insulation layer that surrounds acircumference of the through electrode formed inside the firstsemiconductor base substrate.

In addition, an electronic device of the present technology includes thesemiconductor device and a signal processing circuit that processes anoutput signal of the semiconductor device.

In addition, a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device of thepresent technology includes forming an insulation layer that surrounds acircumference of a position at which a through electrode is formed on afirst surface of the first semiconductor base substrate, and bonding asecond semiconductor base substrate to a first surface side of the firstsemiconductor base substrate. The method further includes forming anopening portion that penetrates from a second surface side of the firstsemiconductor base substrate to a wiring layer on the secondsemiconductor base substrate within a range surrounded by the insulationlayer, and forming the through electrode inside the opening portion.

According to the semiconductor device and the method of manufacturingthe semiconductor device described above, the insulation layersurrounding the circumference of the through electrode in the firstsemiconductor base substrate is formed. Therefore, an insulationproperty between the through electrode and the first semiconductor basesubstrate can be ensured without formation of the insulation layer onthe inner surface of the opening portion in which the through electrodeis formed. Further, connection reliability to the wiring layer can beensured, since the side surface of the through electrode is not coveredwith an insulation layer. Accordingly, the reliability of thesemiconductor device including the through electrode is improved.Further, the reliability of the electronic device including thesemiconductor device is improved.

Advantageous Effects of Invention

According to the present technology, it is possible to provide thesemiconductor device and the electronic device in which the reliabilityis high.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a sectional view illustrating a configuration of asemiconductor device according to a first embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a planar arrangement of the peripheryof a through electrode of the semiconductor device according to thefirst embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a sectional view illustrating the configuration of thesemiconductor device according to the first embodiment.

FIGS. 4A and 4B are diagrams illustrating processes of manufacturing thesemiconductor device according to the first embodiment.

FIGS. 5C and 5D are diagrams illustrating processes of manufacturing thesemiconductor device according to the first embodiment.

FIGS. 6E and 6F are diagrams illustrating processes of manufacturing thesemiconductor device according to the first embodiment.

FIGS. 7G and 7H are diagrams illustrating processes of manufacturing thesemiconductor device according to the embodiment.

FIGS. 8A and 8B are diagrams illustrating processes of manufacturing thesemiconductor device according to the embodiment.

FIG. 9 is a sectional view illustrating a configuration of asemiconductor device according to a second embodiment.

FIG. 10 is a sectional view illustrating a configuration of a firstelectrode pad of the semiconductor device according to the secondembodiment.

FIG. 11 is a graph showing a relation between an inclination angle and acontact surface angle of an opening portion of the first electrode pad16.

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of the first electrodepad for obtaining the result shown in FIG. 11.

FIGS. 13F and 13G are diagrams illustrating processes of manufacturingthe semiconductor device according to the second embodiment.

FIGS. 14H and 14I are diagrams illustrating processes of manufacturingthe semiconductor device according to the second embodiment.

FIG. 15 is a sectional view illustrating a configuration of asemiconductor device according to a third embodiment.

FIGS. 16E and 16F are diagrams illustrating processes of manufacturingthe semiconductor device according to the third embodiment.

FIGS. 17G and 17H are diagrams illustrating processes of manufacturingthe semiconductor device according to the third embodiment.

FIGS. 18I and 18J are diagrams illustrating processes of manufacturingthe semiconductor device according to the third embodiment.

FIG. 19 is a sectional view illustrating a configuration of asemiconductor device according to a fourth embodiment.

FIG. 20 is a sectional view illustrating a configuration of a modifiedexample of the semiconductor device according to the fourth embodiment.

FIG. 21 is a sectional view illustrating a configuration of anothermodified example of the semiconductor device according to the fourthembodiment.

FIGS. 22A and 22B are diagrams illustrating processes of manufacturingthe semiconductor device according to the fourth embodiment.

FIG. 23C is a diagram illustrating processes of manufacturing thesemiconductor device according to the fourth embodiment.

FIGS. 24D and 24E are diagrams illustrating processes of manufacturingthe semiconductor device according to the fourth embodiment.

FIG. 25F is a diagram illustrating processes of manufacturing thesemiconductor device according to the fourth embodiment.

FIG. 26 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of an electronicdevice.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Hereinafter, the preferred embodiments for implementing the presenttechnology will be described, but the present technology is not limitedto examples to be described below.

The description will be made in the following order.

1. Semiconductor device according to the first embodiment

2. Method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to the firstembodiment

4. Semiconductor device according to the second embodiment

5. Method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to thesecond embodiment

6. Semiconductor device according to the third embodiment

7. Method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to the thirdembodiment

8. Semiconductor device according to the fourth embodiment

9. Method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to thefourth embodiment

10. Electronic device

<1. Semiconductor Device According to the First Embodiment>

A semiconductor device including a through electrode according to thefirst embodiment will be described.

FIG. 1 illustrates the schematic configuration of the semiconductordevice including the through electrode according to the presentembodiment. FIG. 1 is a sectional view illustrating the semiconductordevice near a region in which the through electrode is formed. Notethat, in FIG. 1, only the schematic configuration near the region inwhich the through electrode is formed is illustrated, and eachconfiguration of a semiconductor base substrate or each configuration inthe periphery of the through electrode is not illustrated.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the semiconductor device has a configurationin which a first chip 10 and a second chip 20 are bonded.

The first chip 10 includes a first semiconductor base substrate 11 and awiring layer 12 formed on one surface (first surface) of the firstsemiconductor base substrate 11. The second chip 20 includes a secondsemiconductor base substrate 21 and a wiring layer 22 formed on thesecond semiconductor base substrate 21. The first chip 10 and the secondchip 20 are bonded so that the wiring layers 12 and 22 face each other.A bonding surface 25 is formed on the surfaces of the wiring layers 12and 22.

The wiring layer 12 of the first semiconductor base substrate 11includes a multi-layer wiring layer that includes a plurality ofconductive layers in which wirings, electrodes and the like are formed,and inter-layer insulation layers that insulate the conductive layersfrom one another. In FIG. 1, a first electrode pad 16 formed from oneconductive layer among the plurality of conductive layers is illustratedin an inter-layer insulation layer 18.

In addition, protective layers 13 and 14 formed from insulation layersare formed on the other surface (second surface) of the firstsemiconductor base substrate 11. The protective layer 13 is formed tocover the entire second surface of the first semiconductor basesubstrate 11 other than a position at which a through electrode 17 to bedescribed below is formed. The protective layer 14 is formed to cover anexposed surface of the through electrode 17 and the entire surface ofthe protective layer 13.

The wiring layer 22 of the second semiconductor base substrate 21includes a multi-layer wiring layer that includes a plurality ofconductive layers in which wirings, electrodes and the like are formed,and inter-layer insulation layers that insulate the conductive layersfrom one another. In FIG. 1, a second electrode pad 23 formed from oneconductive layer among the plurality of conductive layers is illustratedin an inter-layer insulation layer 24. The first electrode pad 16 andthe second electrode pad 23 are connected to a wiring or the like (notillustrated) and are connected to various circuit elements in thesemiconductor device.

The semiconductor device illustrated in FIG. 1 includes the throughelectrode 17 that penetrates the wiring layer 12, the bonding surface25, and the second electrode pad 23 of the wiring layer 22 from thesecond surface of the first semiconductor base substrate 11. The throughelectrode 17 is formed inside an opening portion penetrating theprotective layer 13, the first semiconductor base substrate 11, and thewiring layers 12 and 22.

In addition, the side surface of the through electrode 17 is connectedto an inner surface of the opening portion of the first electrode pad16. The bottom surface of the through electrode 17 is connected to thesurface of the second electrode pad 23. Thus, the through electrode 17electrically connects the first electrode pad 16 of the wiring layer 12to the second electrode pad 23.

An insulation layer 15 is formed on the interface of the firstsemiconductor base substrate 11 coming in contact with the throughelectrode 17. The through electrode 17 penetrates the protective layer13 on the second surface of the first semiconductor base substrate 11and an end surface of the through electrode is exposed to the surface ofthe protective layer 13. In addition, the protective layer 14 is formedto cover the upper surface of the through electrode 17 and theprotective layer 13.

Here, the insulation layer 15 is formed inside the first semiconductorbase substrate 11. That is, to form the through electrode 17, theinsulation layer is not formed on the inner surface of the openingportion formed in the first semiconductor base substrate 11. By formingthe opening portion of the through electrode 17 within the formationrange of the insulation layer 15 in advance, it is possible to ensure aninsulation property of the through electrode 17 from the firstsemiconductor base substrate 11 without forming an insulation layerinside the opening portion.

Likewise, to form the through electrode 17, an insulation layer is notformed on the inner surface of the opening portion formed in the wiringlayers 12 and 22. Even when an insulation layer is not formed inside theopening portion, the inter-layer insulation layers 18 and 24 forming thewiring layers 12 and 22 can ensure the insulation property of thethrough electrode 17 from wirings or the like formed in the wiringlayers 12 and 22. Further, since an insulation layer is not formedinside the opening portion for the through electrode 17 in the wiringlayers 12 and 22, conductive layers such as any wiring of the wiringlayers 12 and 22 and electrode pad or the like are configured to beconnected to the side surface and the bottom surface of the throughelectrode 17.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the planar arrangement of the throughelectrode 17, the insulation layer 15, and the first electrode pad 16,when viewed from the second surface side of the first semiconductor basesubstrate 11.

The insulation layer 15 is formed to surround the circumference of thethrough electrode 17. As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the insulationlayer 15 surrounds the entire through electrode 17 inside the firstsemiconductor base substrate 11, and thus electric conduction betweenthe through electrode 17 and the first semiconductor base substrate 11is blocked.

In addition, as illustrated in FIG. 2, the first electrode pad 16 isformed in a broader area in the wiring layer 12 than the throughelectrode 17. In addition, as illustrated in FIG. 1, an opening isformed in a middle portion in which the through electrode 17 is formed.Note that, in FIG. 2, the insulation layer 15 is disposed between thethrough electrode 17 and the first electrode pad 16, however, the firstelectrode pad 16 extends up to the lower side of the insulation layer 15to be connected to the through electrode 17.

For example, semiconductor substrates such as silicon substrates andsemiconductor substrates applied to a compound semiconductor and othergeneral semiconductor devices can be used as the first semiconductorbase substrate 11 and the second semiconductor base substrate 21. Inaddition, the through electrode 17, the first electrode pad 16, and thesecond electrode pad 23 are also formed from conductive layers appliedto general semiconductor devices. For example, the through electrode 17and the first electrode pad 16 are formed of copper (Cu), and the secondelectrode pad 23 is formed of aluminum (Al). The inter-layer insulationlayers 18 and 24 and the protective layers 13 and 14 are formed of aninsulation material, for example, an oxide film (SiO) or a nitride film(SiN).

The width of the insulation layer 15 formed in the first semiconductorbase substrate 11 is preferably in the range from 50 nm to 1000 nm. Whenthe width of the insulation layer is equal to or less than 50 nm, it isdifficult to ensure the insulation property between the throughelectrode 17 and the first semiconductor base substrate 11. When thewidth of the insulation layer is equal to or greater than 1000 nm, atime taken to embed the insulation layer 15 may increase, therebydeteriorating productivity. Further, a slit occurs inside the insulationlayer 15, and thus there is a danger that the entire insulation layer 15is etched particularly by a chemical such as fluonitric acid used in aprocess of thinning the first semiconductor base substrate 11.

In addition, the insulation layer 15 may be formed of a material, suchas a nitride film (SiN), an oxide film (SiO), or a combination of SiNand polysilicon, which can be embedded in a groove with a width of 50 nmto 1000 nm formed by dry etching.

In addition, a relation between the width of the through electrode 17and opening widths of the insulation layer 15 and the first electrodepad 16 is illustrated in FIG. 3. As illustrated in FIG. 3, “A” isassumed to be the length of the inside of the insulation layer 15 formedin the first semiconductor base substrate 11. Further, “B” is assumed tobe the width of the opening portion of the through electrode 17.

Furthermore, “C” is assumed to be the opening width of the firstelectrode pad 16.

The opening width C of the first electrode pad 16 is preferably equal toor less than the opening portion B of the through electrode 17. When theopening width C of the first electrode pad 16 is greater than theopening portion B of the through electrode 17, it is difficult to bringthe first electrode pad 16 in contact with the side surface of thethrough electrode 17, and thus it is difficult to ensure the electricconduction.

In addition, when the opening width C of the first electrode pad 16 isconsiderably less than the opening portion B of the through electrode17, there is a probability that etching may not be performed up to thesecond electrode pad 23 of the second chip 20 when the opening portionis formed by dry etching in the process of forming the through electrode17. Therefore, a difference between the opening width C and the openingportion B is set to be preferably 1 μm or less.

That is, the relation between the opening width C of the first electrodepad 16 and the opening portion B of the through electrode 17 preferablysatisfies (B−1 μm)<C≦B.

Further, the length A of the inside of the insulation layer 15 is set tobe preferably greater than the opening portion B of the throughelectrode 17. When the length A of the inside of the insulation layer 15is less than the width B of the opening portion of the through electrode17, there is a probability that etching may be not performed up to thesecond electrode pad 23 of the second chip 20 when the opening portionis formed by dry etching in a process of forming the through electrode17.

In addition, the difference between the length A of the inside of theinsulation layer 15 and the opening portion B of the through electrode17 is set to be preferably less than 0.5 μm. By setting the differenceto be less than 0.5 μm, a seed layer can be prevented from being cutwhen electrolytic plating is performed inside the opening portion in theprocess of forming the through electrode 17, and therefore, the platingproperty of the through electrode 17 is improved.

That is, the relation between the opening portion B of the throughelectrode 17 and the length A of the inside of the insulation layer 15preferably satisfies (B−0.5 μm)<A.

In the semiconductor device according to the above-described embodiment,the through electrode 17 is formed inside the region surrounded by theinsulation layer 15 in the first semiconductor base substrate 11. Inaddition, the insulation layer 15 surrounding the through electrode 17in the first semiconductor base substrate 11 is not formed in the wiringlayers 12 and 22. That is, the through electrode 17 is configured tocome in direct contact with the inter-layer insulation layers 18 and 24forming the wiring layers 12 and 22. In addition, since the side surfaceof the through electrode 17 in the wiring layers 12 and 22 is notcovered with an insulation layer other than the inter-layer insulationlayers 18 and 24, the side surface of the through electrode 17 can beelectrically connected directly to the conductive layers such aswirings, electrodes, or the like formed in the wiring layers 12 and 22.

Thus, the through electrode 17 having the above-described configurationdoes not come into contact with the semiconductor base substrate withthe insulation layer interleaved therebetween, and can come in directcontact with the inter-layer insulation layers and the conductive layersin the wiring layers.

A through electrode according to the related art has a configuration inwhich an insulation layer is continuously formed in the periphery of thethrough electrode from the surface of a semiconductor base substrate toa wiring layer, and thus the side surface of the through electrode maynot be brought in direct contact with a conductive layer in the wiringlayer. Therefore, since a through electrode extracting an electrode of afirst chip to the surface of the semiconductor base substrate and athrough electrode extracting an electrode of a second chip to thesurface of the semiconductor base substrate are provided, it isnecessary for wiring to connect the two through electrodes on thesurface of the semiconductor base substrate (see Patent Literature 1described above).

On the other hand, in the semiconductor device including the throughelectrode of this example, however, the connection between the firstelectrode pad 16 of the first chip 10 and the second electrode pad 23 ofthe second chip 20 can be realized by one through electrode 17.Therefore, it is possible to shorten the process of forming the throughelectrode. Further, since the number of through electrodes can bereduced, it is possible to improve the degree of freedom of design dueto a decrease in the occupation area of the through electrode.Furthermore, since the number of through electrodes can be reduced, itis possible to prevent the wiring capacity from increasing.

In addition, in the semiconductor devices according to the related artin which a through electrode is formed in a semiconductor base substrateinside a region of an insulation film formed in advance, only a barriermetal is configured to be formed on the interface between the throughelectrode and the semiconductor base substrate (see Patent Literatures 2and 3 described above). In the semiconductor device having thisconfiguration, since an insulation layer is not formed on the interfacebetween the through electrode and the semiconductor base substrate, thethrough electrode is configured to come in contact with thesemiconductor base substrate via the barrier metal. In thisconfiguration, a variation in the thickness of the barrier metal occurswhen the through electrode with a high aspect ratio of a diameter to adepth is formed. In the barrier metal with low regularity, reactionoccurs between the through electrode and a semiconductor base substratein a portion in which the barrier metal is thin in an annealing orsintering process after the through electrode is embedded. For example,when heat history of 400° C. or more is added in the annealing orsintering process, a silicide reaction occurs between silicon (Si) ofthe semiconductor base substrate and copper (Cu) of the throughelectrode.

On the other hand, in the semiconductor device including the throughelectrode of this example, however, the insulation layer 15 is formed onthe side surface of the through electrode 17 in the first semiconductorbase substrate 11 in which the through electrode 17 is formed.Therefore, a reaction such as a silicide reaction can be suppressedbetween the through electrode 17 and the first semiconductor basesubstrate 11. In addition, since the through electrode 17 comes incontact with the inter-layer insulation layer in the wiring layers 12and 22, the silicide reaction does not occur. Thus, even when the heathistory of 400° C. or more is added in the annealing or sinteringprocess, it is possible to suppress reaction, such as the silicidereaction of the through electrode 17, in which the reliability of wiringdeteriorates. Accordingly, an improvement in the reliability of thethrough electrode 17 to a thermal process can be compatible with animprovement in transistor characteristics in the sintering process.

Note that, when the through electrode 17 is formed of a material such asCu, a barrier metal layer that is not illustrated is formed on the sidesurface and the bottom surface of the through electrode 17 to preventdiffusion of the material into the insulation layer 15 and theinter-layer insulation layers 18 and 24. Even when the barrier metallayer is formed, as described above, the first electrode pad 16 isconfigured to be electrically connected to the second electrode pad 23with the barrier metal layer interposed therebetween.

In addition, in the above-described embodiment, the planar arrangementof the through electrode and the insulation layer has a circular shape,but the present technology is not limited to the circular shape, andarbitrary shape such a rectangular shape or other polygonal shapes maybe used. Further, the first electrode pad has the shape in which theopening with the same shape as that of the through electrode is formed,however, the shape of the first electrode pad is not particularlylimited as long as the shape of the first electrode pad is a shapeconnectable with the through electrode. For example, a wiring shapeextending only in one direction from the connection portion with theside surface of the through electrode may be used. In the shape in whichthe opening with the same shape as that of the through electrode isformed, the contact with the first electrode pad on the entire sidesurface of the through electrode can be realized, and thus connectionreliability between the through electrode and the first electrode pad isimproved.

<2. Method of Manufacturing a Semiconductor Device According to theFirst Embodiment>

Next, an example of a method of manufacturing the semiconductor deviceaccording to the first embodiment will be described. In the followingdescription of the manufacturing method, only the method ofmanufacturing the configuration of the through electrode and theperiphery of the through electrode of the semiconductor deviceillustrated in FIG. 1 described above will be described. The descriptionof the method of manufacturing the configuration of the other elementsor wirings or the like will be omitted. The semiconductor basesubstrates, the wiring layer, the other various kinds of transistors,various elements, and the like can be manufactured according to methodsof the related art. In addition, the same reference numerals are givento the constituent elements of the same configurations of those of thesemiconductor device of the present embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1,and the detailed description of such configurations will be omitted.

First, as illustrated in FIG. 4A, a hard mask layer 31 is formed on thefirst surface of the first semiconductor base substrate 11, and theinsulation layer 15 is formed on the surface on the first surface sideof the first semiconductor base substrate 11.

The hard mask layer 31 formed of SiO₂, SiN, or the like is formed on thefirst surface of the first semiconductor base substrate 11. Then, aresist that is not illustrated is formed on the hard mask layer 31, andthen the resist is patterned using photolithography. The resist isformed in a pattern in which the shape of the insulation layer 15 formedin the first semiconductor base substrate 11 is opened. Further, thehard mask layer 31 is subjected to dry etching using the patternedresist as a mask. After the dry etching, the resist is removed andcleaned. Then, the surface of the first semiconductor base substrate 11is opened by dry etching using the hard mask layer 31 as a mask to forman opening portion (groove). Thereafter, a nitride film (SiN), an oxidefilm (SiO), a combination of SiN and polysilicon, or the like isembedded in the formed opening portion to form the insulation layer 15.

The opening portion of the first semiconductor base substrate 11 inwhich the insulation layer 15 is formed is formed such that its widthis, for example, in the range from 50 nm to 1000 nm. When the width ofthe opening portion is equal to or less than 50 nm, it is difficult toensure the insulation property between the through electrode 17 and thefirst semiconductor base substrate 11. When the width of the openingportion is equal to or greater than 1000 nm, it takes a long time toembed the insulation layer 15. Further, a slit occurs inside theinsulation layer 15, and thus there is a danger that the entireinsulation layer 15 is etched particularly by a chemical, for example,fluonitric acid used in a process of thinning the first semiconductorbase substrate 11.

In addition, the depth (the depth of the opening portion) at which theinsulation layer 15 is formed is set to be equal to or greater than thethickness of the first semiconductor base substrate 11 after thethinning. By forming the insulation layer 15 to have the thickness equalto or greater than that after the thinning, the insulation layer 15 isformed in the entire region in the depth direction of the firstsemiconductor base substrate 11.

The insulation layer 15 may be formed of a material which can beembedded in the opening portion with a width in the range from 50 nm to1000 nm by dry etching. In addition, a method capable of embedding theinsulation layer 15 in the opening processed by a P-CVD, spin coating,or the like may be used as the method of embedding the insulation layer15.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 4B, the wiring layer 12 is formed on thefirst semiconductor base substrate 11. In addition, before the wiringlayer 12 is formed, circuits such as transistors that are notillustrated are formed on the first surface of the first semiconductorbase substrate 11.

The multi-layer wiring layer including the plurality of conductivelayers and the inter-layer insulation layers is formed in the wiringlayer 12. Here, the first electrode pad 16 including at least oneconductive layer and the inter-layer insulation layer 18 including atleast two layers are formed.

The first electrode pad 16 is formed to include the opening with thesame shape as that of the through electrode 17. The opening width of thefirst electrode pad 16 is formed to satisfy, for example, theabove-described relation of (B−1 μm)<C≦B between the opening width C ofthe first electrode pad 16 and the opening portion B of the throughelectrode 17.

Further, as illustrated in FIG. 4B, the surface of the wiring layer 12is flattened through a CMP method or the like to form the bondingsurface 25. The CMP is performed under the conditions generally used tomanufacture a semiconductor device. For example, a CMP pad in which softand hard materials are stacked, slurry (chemical), or the like generallyused to manufacture a semiconductor device is used.

Next, the second semiconductor base substrate 21 in which apredetermined circuit serving as the second chip 20 is formed in advanceis prepared. In the second semiconductor base substrate 21, the secondelectrode pad 23 at a position corresponding to the formation positionof the through electrode 17 is prepared in the wiring layer 22. Inaddition, the bonding surface 25 flattened as in the wiring layer 12 ofthe first semiconductor base substrate 11 is formed on the surface ofthe wiring layer 22.

In addition, as illustrated in FIG. 5C, the first semiconductor basesubstrate 11 is turned over so that the surface of the wiring layer 12of the first semiconductor base substrate 11 faces the surface of thewiring layer 22 of the second semiconductor base substrate 21. Then, thewiring layers 12 and 22 of the first semiconductor base substrate 11 andthe second semiconductor base substrate 21 are brought in contact witheach other to be bonded by pressing down the first semiconductor basesubstrate and the second semiconductor base substrate with pins.

The bonding is performed by juxtaposing the first semiconductor basesubstrate 11 with the second semiconductor base substrate 21 withoutpreprocessing immediately after the CMP and pressing down the centers ofthe first semiconductor base substrate 11 and the second semiconductorbase substrate 21.

In the bonding process, for example, the pins of which contact surfaceswith the first semiconductor base substrate 11 and the secondsemiconductor base substrate 21 have a circular shape are used. Apressing load is set to, for example, 12 N.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 5D, the second surface side of the firstsemiconductor base substrate 11 is polished to thin the firstsemiconductor base substrate 11. The first semiconductor base substrate11 is polished up to a predetermined thickness at which the insulationlayer 15 is exposed from the second surface side.

Further, a film of SiN, SiO₂, or the like is formed on the secondsurface of the first semiconductor base substrate 11 subjected to thethinning to form the protective layer 13.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 6E, a portion surrounded by the insulationlayer 15 of the first semiconductor base substrate 11 is removed tocompletely expose the inner surface of the previously formed insulationlayer 15. Through this process, an opening portion 32 is formed in theportion surrounded by the insulation layer 15 of the first semiconductorbase substrate 11.

The opening portion 32 can be formed through the same process as theprocess of forming the opening portion (groove) in which theabove-described insulation layer 15 is embedded. For example, asillustrated in FIG. 8A, a resist pattern is formed on the protectivelayer 13 through photolithography, a hard mask pattern of the protectivelayer 13 is formed using the resist pattern, and then the firstsemiconductor base substrate 11 is subjected to dry etching.

Here, as illustrated in FIG. 3 described above, the relation between theopening portion B of the through electrode 17 and the length A of theinside of the insulation layer 15 formed in the first semiconductor basesubstrate 11 preferably satisfies (B−0.5 μm)<A. Therefore, the width ofthe opening portion formed in the protective layer 13 is less than thewidth of the inside of the insulation layer 15. As a result, asillustrated in FIG. 8A, a first semiconductor base substrate 11A remainson the inner surface within the region surrounded by the insulationlayer 15 in the dry etching in which isotropy is high. When the firstsemiconductor base substrate 11A remains on the inner side of theinsulation layer 15, a silicide reaction occurs in the through electrode17, thereby deteriorating reliability of the through electrode 17. Forthis reason, the entire first semiconductor base substrate 11 ispreferably removed on the inner side of the insulation layer 15.

For example, after the etching illustrated in FIG. 8A, as illustrated inFIG. 8B, the first semiconductor base substrate 11A is removed on theinner side of the insulation layer 15 by isotropic etching and dryetching is performed so that the inner wall of the insulation layer 15is entirely exposed. Thus, the opening portion 32 is formed so that thefirst semiconductor base substrate 11 does not remain between the innerside of the insulation layer 15 and the through electrode 17.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 6F, a portion from the wiring layer 12 ofthe first chip 10 below the opening portion 32 to the second electrodepad 23 formed in the wiring layer 22 of the second chip 20 is opened bydry etching. Through this process, an opening portion 33 is formed. Theopening portion 33 is formed inside the opening of the first electrodepad 16. In FIG. 6F, the opening width of the first electrode pad 16 isillustrated to be the same as the width of the opening portion 33,however, from the viewpoint of the above-described relation of (B−1μm)<C≦B, the width of the opening portion 33 on the first electrode pad16 may be greater than the opening width of the first electrode pad 16.Even in this case, the opening portion 33 below the first electrode pad16 is formed with the opening width of the first electrode pad 16, sincethe first electrode pad 16 serves as a mask.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 7G, a conductive layer serving as thethrough electrode 17 is embedded inside the opening portions 32 and 33.For example, a seed metal layer formed of a lamination layer of tantalum(Ta) and copper, Ti/Cu, TiW/Cu, or the like is formed with a thicknessof about 10 nm to about 35 nm inside the opening portions 32 and 33.Then, the opening portions 32 and 33 are filled through electrolytic Cuplating to form the through electrode 17. By forming the throughelectrode 17, the first electrode pad 16 on the side of the first chip10 is electrically connected to the second electrode pad 23 on the sideof the second chip 20.

Further, from the viewpoint of the above-described relation of (B−1μm)<C≦B, the opening portion 33 is preferably formed such that the widthof the opening portion 33 on the first electrode pad 16 may be greaterthan the opening width of the first electrode pad 16. Therefore, thethrough electrode 17 is preferably formed to have a shape in which itswidth on the first electrode pad 16 is greater than its width below thefirst electrode pad 16. By forming the through electrode 17 with thisshape, it is possible to ensure connection reliability between thethrough electrode 17 and the first electrode pad 16 and connectionreliability between the first electrode pad 16 and the second electrodepad 23 via the through electrode 17.

Thereafter, as illustrated in FIG. 7H, the barrier metal layer or theconductive layer formed on the second surface side of the firstsemiconductor base substrate 11 is removed, and then the protectivelayer 14 is formed to cover the upper surface of the through electrode17 and the protective layer 13.

Through the above-described processes, it is possible to manufacture thesemiconductor device according to the present embodiment.

Note that, after the above-described processes, the base substrate inthe wafer state may be diced to divide the semiconductor device intopieces. In addition, in the above-described manufacturing method, boththe first semiconductor base substrate 11 and the second semiconductorbase substrate 21 are bonded in the state (wafer state) in which thesemiconductor device is divided into pieces, however, the first chip 10in the divided first semiconductor base substrate 11 may be bonded onthe second semiconductor base substrate 21 in the wafer state, or may bebonded after each of the first semiconductor base substrate and thesecond semiconductor base substrate is divided into pieces.

The semiconductor device according to the above-described embodiment isapplicable to any electronic device, for example, a solid-state imagingdevice, a semiconductor memory, or a semiconductor logic device (IC orthe like), in which two semiconductor members are bonded and wiringbonding is performed.

<4. Semiconductor Device According to the Second Embodiment>

A semiconductor device including a through electrode according to thesecond embodiment will be described.

FIG. 9 illustrates a schematic configuration of the semiconductor deviceincluding the through electrode according to this embodiment. FIG. 9 isa sectional view illustrating the semiconductor device near a region inwhich the through electrode is formed. Note that, in FIG. 9, only theschematic configuration near the region in which the through electrodeis formed is illustrated, and each configuration of a semiconductor basesubstrate or each configuration in the periphery of the throughelectrode is not illustrated. In addition, the same reference numeralsare given to the constituent elements of the same configurations ofthose of the semiconductor device of the first embodiment describedabove, and the detailed description will be omitted.

As shown in FIG. 9, the semiconductor device is configured such that thefirst chip 10 and the second chip 20 are bonded to each other. Inaddition, the through electrode 17 that penetrates from the secondsurface of the first semiconductor base substrate 11 to the secondelectrode pad 23 is included. The through electrode 17 is formed in theopening portion that penetrates the protective layer 13, the firstsemiconductor base substrate 11, and the wiring layers 12 and 22.

Note that the first chip 10 has the same configuration as in the firstembodiment described above except for the configuration of the firstelectrode pad 16. In addition, the second chip 20 has the sameconfiguration as in the first embodiment described above.

In the semiconductor device illustrated in FIG. 9, the inner surface ofthe opening portion of the first electrode pad 16 is formed such thatthe opening thereof on the second surface side of the first chip islarge and the opening thereof on the first surface side is small. To bespecific, the first electrode pad 16 is provided in a tapered shape sothat the opening of the first surface side is small on the surface onwhich the first electrode pad 16 comes in contact with the throughelectrode 17.

In addition, the opening portion of the first electrode pad 16 may havea continuously decreasing shape as shown in FIG. 9, or may be configuredto have the same size from the second surface side of the first chip tothe middle of the opening portion and to be tapered from the middle ofthe opening portion to the first surface side as shown in FIG. 10. Notethat FIG. 10 illustrates an enlarged configuration of the periphery ofthe first electrode pad 16 from the configuration of the semiconductordevice illustrated in FIG. 9.

By providing an inclination on the inner surface of the opening portionof the first electrode pad 16, a contact area of the through electrode17 and the first electrode pad 16 increases. As the size of the openingportion decreases on the first surface side of the first chip 10, poorcontact attributable to deviation of the position of the opening hardlyoccurs. Due to the increase in the contact area as above, it is possibleto reduce contact resistance between the electrodes and thereby toimprove reliability of the semiconductor device.

In addition, a sectional area of the through electrode 17 on the secondsurface side of the first electrode pad 16 is preferably greater thanthe opening portion on the first surface side of the first electrode pad16. By setting the sectional area of the through electrode 17 to begreater than that of the opening portion on the first surface side ofthe first electrode pad 16, contact between the through electrode 17 andthe first electrode pad 16 is easily ensured even when the position ofthe opening is deviated. For this reason, poor contact between thethrough electrode 17 and the first electrode pad 16 or the like can besuppressed.

In addition, a sectional area of the through electrode 17 on the secondsurface side of the first electrode pad 16 is preferably greater thanthe opening portion on the second surface side of the first electrodepad 16. In this case, the contact between the through electrode 17 andthe first electrode pad 16 is more easily ensured. For this reason, poorcontact between the through electrode 17 and the first electrode pad 16or the like can be further prevented from occurring.

FIG. 11 illustrates an inclination angle A and a contact area of theinner surface of the opening portion of the first electrode pad 16 andthe relation between the contact angle θ and an amount of increase ofthe contact area. The amount of increase of the contact area is for acomparison to the configuration in which the inner surface of the firstelectrode pad 16 is set to be vertical (first embodiment) and isindicated by multiple numbers of the contact area when the inner surfaceis vertical. In addition, the relation illustrated in FIG. 11 providesnumerical values of the configuration illustrated in FIG. 12. In theconfiguration illustrated in FIG. 12, the through electrode 17 is set tohave a circular shape with an opening diameter (diameter) of 3 μm and athickness of the first electrode pad 16 is set to be 0.2 μm.

As illustrated in FIG. 11, as the inclination angle of the openingportion of the first electrode pad 16 decreases, the contact area of thethrough electrode 17 and the first electrode pad 16 increases. Bysetting the inclination angle of the inner surface of the openingportion of the first electrode pad 16 to be 39° or lower, for example,the contact area becomes 1.5 times that of the configuration of thefirst embodiment or larger. In addition, by setting the inclinationangle thereof to be 30° or lower, the contact area becomes 2 times thatof the configuration of the first embodiment or larger.

In addition, by providing the inclination in the inner surface of thefirst electrode pad 16, the covering property of the barrier metal layerimproves more than the configuration in which the inner surface of thefirst electrode pad 16 is set to be vertical (first embodiment). Forthis reason, the thickness of the barrier metal layer to be formed canbe reduced, and contact resistance between the through electrode 17 andthe first electrode pad 16 can be lessened.

<5. Method of Manufacturing a Semiconductor Device According to theSecond Embodiment>

Next, an example of a method of manufacturing the semiconductor deviceaccording to the second embodiment will be described. Note that, in thefollowing description of the manufacturing method, only the method ofmanufacturing the configuration of the through electrode and theperiphery of the through electrode of the semiconductor deviceillustrated in FIG. 9 described above will be described, and thedescription of the method of manufacturing the configuration of theother elements or wirings or the like will be omitted. The semiconductorbase substrates, the wiring layer, the other various kinds oftransistors, various elements, and the like can be manufacturedaccording to methods of the related art. In addition, detaileddescription of the configuration of the semiconductor device of thefirst embodiment described above, the configuration and the operationdescribed in the manufacturing method, and the like will be omitted.

First, using the same method as in the first embodiment described above,steps up to the step of removing the portion surrounded by theinsulation layer 15 of the first semiconductor base substrate 11 andforming the opening portion 32 in the portion surrounded by theinsulation layer 15 of the first semiconductor base substrate 11illustrated in FIG. 6E are performed.

Next, only a portion of the inter-layer insulation layer 18 provided inthe lower layer of the first electrode pad 16 (on the firstsemiconductor base substrate 11 side) is opened through dry etching toform an opening portion 33A as illustrated in FIG. 13F. The openingwidth at that time is preferably set to be a width greater than that ofthe opening portion of the first electrode pad 16. Further, it isnecessary to expose the first electrode pad 16 from a circumference ofthe bottom portion of the opening portion 33A. Particularly, aconfiguration in which the inside of the first electrode pad 16 isexposed from the entire circumference of the bottom portion of theopening portion 33A is preferable.

Next, the first electrode pad 16 that is exposed from the openingportion 33A and the inter-layer insulation layer 18 on the inner side ofthe first electrode pad 16 are removed through dry etching asillustrated in FIG. 13G. Accordingly, an opening portion 33B is formedto the depth of the upper end of the first electrode pad 16 (on thebonding surface side). At this time, by adjusting a condition of the dryetching, the first electrode pad 16 and the inter-layer insulation layer18 are removed at the same time, and the inner surface of the firstelectrode pad 16 is processed to be an inclined surface.

Under a condition of dry etching for an insulation layer such as ageneral oxide film for forming the inter-layer insulation layer 18, thefirst electrode pad 16 is etched like the inter-layer insulation layer18. For this reason, the inner surface of the opening portion of thefirst electrode pad 16 is shaped vertically as in the first embodiment.

Thus, in order to process the inner surface of the opening portion ofthe first electrode pad 16 to be an inclined surface in the presentembodiment, a processing condition that Ar not be used is applied in thestep of removing the first electrode pad 16 and the inter-layerinsulation layer 18 illustrated in FIG. 13G.

If Ar is not used in dry etching, a sputtering effect with respect to ametal such as Cu composing the first electrode pad 16 becomes weak, andthus a selectivity of the first electrode pad 16 and the inter-layerinsulation layer 18 increases. For this reason, dry etching progressesto cause the inner surface of the opening portion of the first electrodepad 16 to incline. Here, the shape of the inclined surface including aninclination angle and the like can be controlled generally based on aratio of oxygen used in dry etching.

By performing dry etching based on a change in the condition or acombination of various conditions as above, only a portion of the firstelectrode pad 16 can be processed so as to provide the inclined surfaceas in the configuration illustrated in FIG. 10 described above. Inaddition, by appropriately changing conditions of dry etching, the innersurface of the opening portion of the first electrode pad 16 can beprocessed to be an arbitrary inclined surface.

Next, the portion from the upper end of the first electrode pad 16 (onthe bonding surface side) to the second electrode pad 23 provided in thewiring layer 22 of the second chip 20 is open through dry etching asillustrated in FIG. 14H. The dry etching is performed under thecondition that it not affect the inclination shape of the openingportion of the first electrode pad 16. Accordingly, the opening portion33 can be formed from the first electrode pad 16 to the second electrodepad 23 with the opening width of the upper end of the first electrodepad 16 (on the bonding surface side)

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 14I, after the through electrode 17 isformed inside the opening portion, the protective layer 14 is formed.This step can be performed using the same method as the step illustratedin FIGS. 7G and 7H in the manufacturing method of the semiconductordevice of the first embodiment described above.

In the manufacturing method described above, the step of processing theinner surface of the opening portion of the first electrode pad 16 to bean inclined surface is included. In this step, it is possible toincrease the area of the inner surface of the opening portion of thefirst electrode pad 16. By shaping the opening portion of the firstelectrode pad 16 to be the inclined surface as above, connectionreliability improves even when positional deviation in the position of aresist pattern occurs in lithography performed in each drawing of thestep illustrated in FIG. 13F, the step illustrated in FIG. 13G, and thestep illustrated in FIG. 14H. For this reason, with respect to deviationin the positions of the first electrode pad 16 and the through electrode17, a reduction in the connection area can be suppressed, and thusconnection resistance can be reduced.

Further, by increasing the connection area, the area of the barriermetal layer serving as the interface of the first electrode pad 16 andthe through electrode 17 increases more than in the configuration inwhich the inner surface of the first electrode pad 16 is set to bevertical (first embodiment). For this reason, the adhesion property ofthe first electrode pad 16 and the through electrode 17 improves, andthe connection reliability accordingly improves.

In addition, by increasing the area of the barrier metal layer, thecovering property of the barrier metal layer improves. Thus, thethickness of the barrier metal layer to be formed can be reduced, andthus connection resistance between the through electrode 17 and thefirst electrode pad 16 can be accordingly reduced.

According to the semiconductor device of the present embodimentdescribed above, by providing the inclined surface in the inner surfaceof the opening portion of the first electrode pad 16, the reduction inthe contact resistance between electrodes and improvement in reliabilityof the semiconductor device are possible. Therefore, the semiconductordevice having high performance, high function, and high reliability canbe provided.

<6. Semiconductor Device According to the Third Embodiment>

A semiconductor device including a through electrode according to thethird embodiment will be described.

FIG. 15 illustrates a schematic configuration of the semiconductordevice including the through electrode according to the presentembodiment. FIG. 15 is a sectional view illustrating the semiconductordevice near a region in which the through electrode is formed. In FIG.15, only the schematic configuration near the region in which thethrough electrode is formed is illustrated, and each configuration of asemiconductor base substrate or each configuration in the periphery ofthe through electrode is not illustrated. In addition, the samereference numerals are given to the constituent elements of the presentembodiment with the same configurations as those of the semiconductordevice of the first embodiment described above, and the detaileddescription will be omitted.

As illustrated in FIG. 15, the semiconductor device is configured bybonding the first chip 10 to the second chip 20. In addition, thethrough electrode 17 that penetrates from the second surface of thefirst semiconductor base substrate 11 to the second electrode pad 23 isincluded. The through electrode 17 is formed in the opening portion thatpenetrates the protective layer 13, the first semiconductor basesubstrate 11, and the wiring layers 12 and 22.

Note that the first chip 10 has the same configuration as that of thefirst embodiment described above except for the configuration of theinsulation layer 15. In addition, the second chip 20 has the sameconfiguration as that of the first embodiment described above.

In the semiconductor device illustrated in FIG. 15, the insulation layer15 is formed of the same material as the inter-layer insulation layer 18forming the wiring layer 12. It is formed of, for example, a single orlaminated layer of a silicon dioxide film or a silicon nitride film.

The opening diameter of first semiconductor base substrate 11 on thefirst surface side is substantially the same as the opening diameter ofthe first electrode pad 16. In addition, the opening diameter of thefirst electrode pad 16 is greater than the diameter of the throughelectrode 17 coming in contact with the second electrode pad 23.

By setting the opening diameter of the first electrode pad 16 to begreater, the contact area of the through electrode 17 and the firstelectrode pad 16 can be increased. For this reason, even when the deviceis miniaturized, connection reliability of the through electrode 17 andthe first electrode pad 16 can be enhanced.

<7. Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Device According to the ThirdEmbodiment>

Next, an example of a method of manufacturing the semiconductor deviceaccording to the third embodiment will be described. In the followingdescription of the manufacturing method, only the method ofmanufacturing the configuration of the through electrode and theperiphery of the through electrode of the semiconductor deviceillustrated in FIG. 9 described above will be described, and thedescription of the method of manufacturing the configuration of theother elements or wirings or the like will be omitted. The semiconductorbase substrates, the wiring layer, the other various kinds oftransistors, various elements, and the like can be manufacturedaccording to methods of the related art. In addition, detaileddescription of the configuration of the semiconductor device of thefirst embodiment described above, the configuration and the operationdescribed in the manufacturing method, and the like will be omitted.

First, using the same method as that of the first embodiment describedabove, steps up to the step of polishing the second surface side of thefirst semiconductor base substrate 11 and thinning the firstsemiconductor base substrate 11 illustrated in FIG. 5D are performed. Atthis time, the insulation layer 15 is formed to a thickness at which theinner diameter of the insulation layer 15 is smaller than the openingdiameter in which the through electrode 17 is finally formed.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 16E, a resist 34 is formed on the secondsurface of the first semiconductor base substrate 11, and the hole forforming the through electrode 17 is patterned using photolithography. Atthis time, in the resist 34, an opening with a diameter greater than theinner diameter of the insulation layer 15 is formed.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 16F, the protective layer 13 is opened fromthe opening portion of the resist 34 using dry etching. Accordingly,parts of the first semiconductor base substrate 11 and the insulationlayer 15 are exposed on the same surface.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 17G, selective etching of the firstsemiconductor base substrate 11 is performed using, for example,CF-based gas, thereby removing the first semiconductor base substrate 11that has been exposed from the opening of the resist 34 completely.Accordingly, the opening portion 32 is formed.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 17H, the insulation layer 15 that isexposed from the opening of the resist 34 and the inter-layer insulationlayer 18 are etched at the same time, thereby forming the openingportion 33A. Accordingly, the shape of the opening portion 32 that has alevel difference between the inner diameter of the insulation layer 15and the inner diameter of the resist 34 and the protective layer 13 inFIG. 17G is transferred to the opening portion 33A of the insulationlayer 15 and the inter-layer insulation layer 18. Further, when theetching is continued, the opening portion 33 that is opened to thesecond electrode pad 23 is formed as illustrated in FIG. 18I.

Next, after the through electrode 17 is formed in the opening portion,the protective layer 14 is formed as illustrated in FIG. 18J. This stepcan be performed using the same method as that of the step of themanufacturing method of the semiconductor device of the first embodimentdescribed above illustrated in FIGS. 7G and 7H.

In the above step, by performing lithography once to pattern the resist34, the opening portion 33 that is open to the second electrode pad 23can be formed with fine controllability. In other words, by forming theopening of the resist 34 to be greater than the inner diameter of theinsulation layer 15, the entire surface of the first semiconductor basesubstrate 11 within the insulation layer 15 can be exposed from theopening of the resist 34. For this reason, it is possible to suppressresidues of the first semiconductor base substrate 11 within theinsulation layer 15. Thus, it is possible to prevent the throughelectrode 17 from becoming a silicide within the insulation layer 15,and accordingly, reliability of the through electrode 17 improves.

In addition, by etching the insulation layer 15 that is exposed from theopening portion of the resist 34 and the inter-layer insulation layer 18at the same time, an opening with a diameter substantially the same asthat of the resist 34 and the opening portion of the first semiconductorbase substrate 11 is formed at the position of the first electrode pad16. For this reason, the inner diameter of the opening portion of thefirst electrode pad 16 can be increased, the contact area of the firstelectrode pad 16 and the through electrode 17 accordingly increases, andthereby connection reliability of the first electrode pad 16 and thethrough electrode 17 improves.

Further, the shape of the opening portion 32 that has a level differencebetween the inner diameter of the insulation layer 15 and the innerdiameter of the resist 34 and the protective layer 13 is imprinted onthe shape of the opening portion 33 that is directly above the secondelectrode pad 23. For this reason, the area of the bottom of the throughelectrode 17 can be reduced in comparison to the sectional area of thethrough electrode 17 in the first semiconductor base substrate 11 or thesectional area of the through electrode 17 at the position of the firstelectrode pad 16. Therefore, even when the area of the second electrodepad 23 is set to be small due to miniaturization of the device,connection of the through electrode 17 to the second electrode pad 23becomes easy.

<8. Semiconductor Device According to the Fourth Embodiment>

A semiconductor device including a through electrode according to thefourth embodiment will be described.

FIG. 19 illustrates a schematic configuration of the semiconductordevice including the through electrode according to the presentembodiment. FIG. 19 is a sectional view illustrating the semiconductordevice near a region in which the through electrode is formed. In FIG.19, only the schematic configuration near the region in which thethrough electrode is formed is illustrated, and each configuration of asemiconductor base substrate or each configuration in the periphery ofthe through electrode is not illustrated. The same reference numeralsare given to the constituent elements of the present embodiment havingthe same configurations as those of the semiconductor device of thefirst embodiment described above, and the detailed description will beomitted.

As illustrated in FIG. 19, the semiconductor device is configured bybonding the first chip 10 to the second chip 20. In addition, thethrough electrode 17 that penetrates from the second surface of thefirst semiconductor base substrate 11 to the second electrode pad 23 isincluded. The through electrode 17 is formed in the opening portion thatpenetrates the protective layer 13, the first semiconductor basesubstrate 11, and the wiring layers 12 and 22.

Note that the first chip 10 has the same configuration as that of thefirst embodiment described above except for the configurations of afirst electrode pad 16A and an electrode protective layer 35, and thesecond chip 20 has the same configuration as that of the firstembodiment described above.

In the semiconductor device illustrated in FIG. 19, the first electrodepad 16A is formed of tungsten (W), polysilicon, or the like. Inaddition, the electrode protective layer 35 is provided between theinsulation layer 15 and the first electrode pad 16A.

Specifically, the electrode protective layer 35 is a layer that protectsthe first electrode pad 16A formed of, for example, tungsten (W),polysilicon, or the like from etching in an etching step duringmanufacturing. In addition, the electrode protective layer 35 is, forexample, an oxide film formed of SiO₂.

Here, when the first electrode pad 16 is formed of Cu, discharge of Cu(contamination) from the exposed first electrode pad 16 occurs due toetching in the etching step performed at the time of formation of theopening portion 33, and accordingly, a processing speed of etching islowered.

In addition, in order to reduce lowering of the processing speeddescribed above, for example, a method of performing lithography andetching in two divided steps and thereby shortening the exposure time ofthe first electrode pad 16 that is formed of Cu is considered.Specifically, dividing the step of forming the opening portion 33 into astep of performing lithography and etching so as not to expose the firstelectrode pad 16 and a step of performing lithography and etching so asto expose the first electrode pad 16 is considered. When the method isused, however, the number of steps increases and thereby productivitydeteriorates.

In the present embodiment, by using the first electrode pad 16A that isformed of a conductor, for example, tungsten, polysilicon, or the like,Cu contamination does not occur in the etching step. Thus, according tothe present embodiment, lowering of the processing speed of etchingcaused by Cu contamination can be prevented. In addition, in the presentembodiment, by providing the electrode protective layer 35 between theinsulation layer 15 and the first electrode pad 16A, etching of thefirst electrode pad 16A in conjunction with the wiring layer 12 duringetching performed at the time of formation of the opening portion 33 canbe prevented.

In addition, the electrode protective layer 35 may be provided betweenthe insulation layer 15 and the first electrode pad 16A, or theelectrode protective layer 35 may not come in contact with theinsulation layer 15 and the first electrode pad 16A. For example,another layer may be provided between the electrode protective layer 35and the insulation layer 15, and another layer may be provided betweenthe electrode protective layer 35 and the first electrode pad 16A.

Note that the shape of the first electrode pad 16A may be, for example,the same shape as the opening of the through electrode 17 in the firstembodiment described above. In addition, the shape of the firstelectrode pad 16A is not limited to the above shape as long as itenables connection to the through electrode 17. For example, it may be awiring shape extending only in one direction from the connection portionwith the side surface of the through electrode 17.

In addition, the electrode protective layer 35 may have the shapecorresponding to the first electrode pad 16A, or may be any shape aslong as the shape enables protection of the first electrode pad 16A.

The first electrode pad 16A is formed of, for example, a conductor suchas tungsten or polysilicon. In addition, the first electrode pad 16A canalso be formed of a metal gate material. Specifically, the firstelectrode pad 16A may be formed of a titanium (Ti)-based or a tantalum(Ta)-based conductor or the like, and more specifically, may be formedof TiN or TaN.

The electrode protective layer 35 is formed of, for example, SiO₂. Inaddition, the electrode protective layer 35 can also be formed of ahigh-k material that is used for a gate oxide film. Specifically, theelectrode protective layer 35 may be formed of a hafnium (Hf)-basedmaterial or the like, and more specifically, may be formed of HfO₂,HfSiO₂, or HfSiON.

Note that, as will be described in <9. Method of manufacturing asemiconductor device according to the fourth embodiment> below, theelectrode protective layer 35 and the first electrode pad 16A arepreferably formed along with another oxide film and wiring in the stepof forming the wiring layer 12. With this configuration, the electrodeprotective layer 35 and the first electrode pad 16A can be formedwithout increasing the number of steps in the present embodiment.

For this reason, the electrode protective layer 35 is preferably formedof the same material as an oxide included in the wiring layer 12, andthe first electrode pad 16A is preferably formed of the same material asthat of a wire or electrode included in the wiring layer 12.

Furthermore, the present embodiment is not limited to the above example.The present embodiment may employ, for example, the configuration of thesemiconductor device as illustrated in FIGS. 20 and 21. FIGS. 20 and 21are sectional views of the semiconductor device near a region in which athrough electrode according to a modified example of the presentembodiment is formed.

In the semiconductor device illustrated in FIG. 20, a wiring electrode36 that electrically connects the first electrode pad 16A to the wiringof the wiring layer 12 is further provided. Note that configurationsother than the wiring electrode 36 are the same as those described withreference to FIG. 19.

In the modified example illustrated in FIG. 20, the wiring electrode 36is formed of, for example, Cu. For this reason, the first electrode pad16A can be electrically connected to the wiring (not illustrated) of thewiring layer 12 via the wiring electrode 36 that is formed of Cu havinga smaller electric resistance. Thus, in the modified example illustratedin FIG. 20, connection reliability between the through electrode 17 andthe wiring layer 12 can be further improved.

Note that, in the modified example illustrated in FIG. 20, the wiringelectrode 36 that is formed of Cu is formed outward in the centerdirection of the opening from the edge portion at the opening side ofthe first electrode pad 16A, and thus it is needless to say that thewiring electrode is not exposed in the opening portion 33 during thestep of forming the opening portion 33.

In addition, in the semiconductor device illustrated in FIG. 21, theopening width of a first electrode pad 16B that is formed of tungsten,polysilicon, or the like is formed to be smaller than the opening widthof the insulation layer 15, and a through electrode 17A is provided inthe opening portion. Note that configurations other than the firstelectrode pad 16B and the through electrode 17A are the same as thosedescribed with reference to FIG. 19.

In the modified example illustrated in FIG. 21, first in the step offorming the opening portion 33, the first semiconductor base substrate11 is etched up to the above of the electrode protective layer 35 thatprotects the first electrode pad 16B. Next, when etching is performedfrom the electrode protective layer 35 to the wiring layer 22 above thesecond semiconductor base substrate 21, etching of the electrodeprotective layer 35 and the wiring layers 12 and 22 is performed usingthe first electrode pad 16B as a mask by appropriately setting acondition for the etching.

With this configuration, the contact area with the through electrode 17Acan be increased, and thereby the first electrode pad 16B can beelectrically connected to the through electrode 17A reliably. Thus, inthe modified example illustrated in FIG. 21, connection reliabilitybetween the through electrode 17A and the first electrode pad 16B can beimproved.

<9. Method of Manufacturing the Semiconductor Device According to theFourth Embodiment>

Next, an example of a method of manufacturing the semiconductor deviceaccording to the fourth embodiment will be described. Note that, in thefollowing description of the manufacturing method, only the method ofmanufacturing the configuration of the through electrode and theperiphery of the through electrode of the semiconductor deviceillustrated in FIG. 19 described above will be described, and thedescription of the method of manufacturing the configuration of theother elements or wirings or the like will be omitted. The semiconductorbase substrates, the wiring layer, the other various kinds oftransistors, various elements, and the like can be manufacturedaccording to methods of the related art. In addition, detaileddescription of the configuration of the semiconductor device of thefirst embodiment described above, the configuration and the operationdescribed in the manufacturing method, and the like will be omitted.

First, using the same method as that of the first embodiment describedabove, steps up to the step of forming the insulation layer 15 in thefirst semiconductor base substrate 11 illustrated in FIG. 4A areperformed.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 22A, the electrode protective layer 35 isformed on the insulation layer 15 on the first surface side of the firstsemiconductor base substrate 11. The electrode protective layer 35 ispreferably formed such that the edge portion of the electrode protectivelayer 35 on its opening side protrudes more in the center direction ofthe opening than the edge portion of the insulation layer 15 on itsopening side. Specifically, the electrode protective layer 35 is formedin, for example, a ring shape. Here, the inner diameter of the electrodeprotective layer 35 is preferably smaller than the inner diameter of theopening portion of the insulation layer 15 on the electrode protectivelayer 35 side.

According to the above configuration, the electrode protective layer 35according to the present embodiment can protect the first electrode pad16A from etching more reliably when etching is performed in the step offorming the opening portion 33 to be described later.

The electrode protective layer 35 may be formed in, for example, anelement separation step in which a transistor or the like formed on thefirst surface of the first semiconductor base substrate 11 is separated.As such an element separation method, any of various techniques, forexample, a shallow trench isolation (STI) technique, a local oxidationof silicon (LOCOS) technique, an expanding photodiode design forisolation (EDI) technique, or the like can be used. In addition, theelectrode protective layer 35 may be formed in the step of forming theinter-layer insulation layer 18 in the wiring layer 12, and further, theelectrode protective layer 35 may be formed in the step of forming agate oxide film.

In succession, the wiring layer 12 is formed on the first surface sideof the first semiconductor base substrate 11 and the bonding surface 25is further formed on the flattened wiring layer 12 as illustrated inFIG. 22B. The wiring layer 12 is a multi-layered wiring layer composedof a plurality of conductive layers and inter-layer insulation layers,including the first electrode pad 16A. The first electrode pad 16A isformed on, for example, the electrode protective layer 35. In addition,the width of the opening portion of the formed first electrode pad 16Ais preferably smaller than the width of the opening portion of theinsulation layer 15 for connection to the through electrode 17.

The first electrode pad 16A may be formed in the step of forming wiringin the wiring layer 12, and may be formed in the step of forming a gateelectrode that is formed of a metal gate material.

In addition, the first semiconductor base substrate 11 and the secondsemiconductor base substrate 12 are bonded to each other as illustratedin FIG. 23C, and the first semiconductor base substrate 11 is furtherpolished to be thinned. This step can be performed using the same methodas the manufacturing method of the semiconductor device of the firstembodiment described above in FIGS. 5C and 5D.

Next, the portion surrounded by the insulation layer 15 of the firstsemiconductor base substrate 11 is removed through dry etching or thelike, and thereby the inside of the insulation layer 15 is exposed asillustrated in FIG. 24D. Through this step, the opening portion 32 isformed in the portion surrounded by the insulation layer 15 of the firstsemiconductor base substrate 11. Here, the electrode protective layer 35that is formed of SiO₂ is not removed in the step of forming the openingportion 32 described above due to a high selectivity to the firstsemiconductor base substrate 11, and thus can protect the firstelectrode pad 16A that is positioned in the lower layer of the electrodeprotective layer 35.

In succession, the portion from the wiring layer 12 of the first chip 10in the lower part of the opening portion 32 to the second electrode pad23 provided in the wiring layer 22 of the second chip 20 is openedthrough dry etching or the like, and thereby the opening portion 33 isformed as illustrated in FIG. 24E.

Note that, in FIG. 24E, the first electrode pad 16A that protrudes morein the center direction of the opening than the edge portion of theinsulation layer 15 on its opening side is also removed in the step offorming the opening portion 33, however, the present embodiment is notlimited to this example. As described above with reference to FIG. 21,by appropriately controlling the condition for dry etching, the firstelectrode pad 16A is not removed but used as a mask, and then theelectrode protective layer 35, the wiring layers 12 and 22, and the likecan be removed.

Further, after a conductive layer serving as the through electrode 17 isformed in the opening portions 32 and 33 as illustrated in FIG. 25F, theprotective layer 14 is formed. This step can be performed using the samemethod as the manufacturing method of the semiconductor device of thefirst embodiment described above in FIGS. 7G and 7H.

As described above, the manufacturing method described above includesthe step of forming the electrode protective layer 35 between theinsulation layer 15 and the first electrode pad 16A. Due to this step,the electrode protective layer 35 can protect the first electrode pad16A from etching in the step of etching the first semiconductor basesubstrate 11. In addition, in the manufacturing method described above,the electrode protective layer 35 is formed so that the edge portion ofthe electrode protective layer 35 on its opening side protrudes more inthe center direction of the opening than the edge portion of theinsulation layer 15 on its opening side. With this configuration, thefirst electrode pad 16A can be protected from etching in themanufacturing method described above.

According to the semiconductor device of the present embodimentdescribed above, by providing the electrode protective layer 35 betweenthe insulation layer 15 and the first electrode pad 16A, the firstelectrode pad 16A can be protected from etching in the step of formingthe opening portion 33. For this reason, tungsten, polysilicon, or thelike that is a conductor having a low processing selectivity to thefirst semiconductor base substrate 11 can be used as the first electrodepad 16A. Thus, the semiconductor device of the present embodiment canresolve reduction in an etching processing speed caused by Cucontamination and reduction in productivity caused by an increase in thenumber of steps, and thereby productivity can be enhanced.

<10. Electronic Device>

[Solid-State Imaging Device]

Hereinafter, an example in which the configuration of an electrodejunction according to the above-described embodiment is applied to asolid-state imaging device will be described. The solid-state imagingdevice is applicable to an electronic device, for example, a camerasystem such as a digital camera or a video camera, a mobile telephonehaving an imaging function, other devices having an imaging function,and the like. Hereinafter, a camera will be described as oneconfiguration example of the electronic device.

FIG. 19 illustrates an example of the configuration of a video cameracapable of capturing a still image or a moving image.

A camera 40 of this example includes a solid-state imaging device 41, anoptical system 42 that guides incident light to a light-reception sensorunit of the solid-state imaging device 41, a shutter device 43 installedbetween the solid-state imaging device 41 and the optical system 42, anda driving circuit 44 that drives the solid-state imaging device 41. Thecamera 40 further includes a signal processing circuit 45 that processesan output signal of the solid-state imaging device 41.

The solid-state imaging device 41 includes the through electrodeaccording to the above-described embodiment of the present disclosuredescribed above. The configurations and functions of the other units areas follows.

The optical system (optical lens) 42 forms an image of image light(incident light) from a subject on an imaging surface (not illustrated)of the solid-state imaging device 41. Thus, signal charges areaccumulated in the solid-state imaging device 41 for a given period.Note that, the optical system 42 may include an optical lens groupincluding a plurality of optical lenses. In addition, the shutter device43 controls a light irradiation period and a light blocking period ofthe incident light on the solid-state imaging device 41.

The driving circuit 44 supplies a driving signal to the solid-stateimaging device 41 and the shutter device 43. In addition, the drivingcircuit 44 controls an operation of outputting a signal to the signalprocessing circuit 45 of the solid-state imaging device 41 and a shutteroperation of the shutter device 43 based on the supplied driving signal.That is, in this example, an operation of transmitting a signal from thesolid-state imaging device 41 to the signal processing circuit 45 isperformed based on the driving signal (timing signal) supplied from thedriving circuit 44.

The signal processing circuit 45 performs various kinds of signalprocessing on the signal transmitted from the solid-state imaging device41. A signal (video signal) subjected to the various kinds of signalprocessing is stored in a storage medium (not illustrated) such as amemory or is output to a monitor (not illustrated).

The preferred embodiments of the present disclosure have been describedabove with reference to the accompanying drawings, whilst the technicalscope of the present disclosure is not limited to the above examples. Aperson skilled in the art may find various alterations and modificationswithin the scope of the appended claims, and it should be understoodthat they will naturally come under the technical scope of the presentinvention.

Additionally, the present technology may also be configured as below.

(1)

A semiconductor device including:

a first semiconductor base substrate;

a second semiconductor base substrate that is bonded onto a firstsurface side of the first semiconductor base substrate;

a through electrode that is formed to penetrate from a second surfaceside of the first semiconductor base substrate to a wiring layer on thesecond semiconductor base substrate; and

an insulation layer that surrounds a circumference of the throughelectrode formed inside the first semiconductor base substrate.

(2)

The semiconductor device according to (1), including:

a first conductive layer in a wiring layer on the first surface of thefirst semiconductor base substrate,

wherein a side surface of the through electrode is connected to thefirst conductive layer.

(3)

The semiconductor device according to (2), wherein a bottom portion ofthe through electrode is connected to a second conductive layer providedin the wiring layer on the second semiconductor base substrate, and thefirst and second conductive layers are connected to each other via thethrough electrode.

(4)

The semiconductor device according to (2) or (3), wherein the firstconductive layer includes an opening connected to the side surface ofthe through electrode.

(5)

The semiconductor device according to (4), wherein an opening width ofthe first conductive layer is smaller than a width of an opening portionof the through electrode.

(6)

The semiconductor device according to any one of (1) to (5), wherein alength of an inside of the insulation layer is greater than a width ofan opening portion of the through electrode.

(7)

The semiconductor device according to (4) or (5), wherein the opening ofthe first conductive layer is formed such that an opening on the secondsurface side of the first semiconductor base substrate is great and anopening on the first surface side of the first semiconductor basesubstrate is small.

(8)

The semiconductor device according to (7), wherein the opening of thefirst conductive layer is formed in a shape having an inclined surface.

(9)

The semiconductor device according to (8), wherein an inclination angleof an inner surface of an opening portion of the first conductive layeris equal to or smaller than 40°.

(10)

The semiconductor device according to any one of (2) to (9), including:

an electrode protective layer disposed between the insulation layer, thefirst conductive layer protecting the first conductive layer.

(11)

The semiconductor device according to (10),

wherein the electrode protective layer is formed of a same material asan oxide included in the wiring layer on the first surface of the firstsemiconductor base substrate, and

wherein the first conductive layer is formed of a same material as oneof a wire or an electrode included in the wiring layer on the firstsurface of the first semiconductor base substrate.

(12)

A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device including a throughelectrode that penetrates a first semiconductor base substrate, themethod including:

a step of forming an insulation layer that surrounds a circumference ofa position at which the through electrode is formed, on a first surfaceof the first semiconductor base substrate;

a step of bonding a second semiconductor base substrate to a firstsurface side of the first semiconductor base substrate;

a step of forming an opening portion that penetrates from a secondsurface side of the first semiconductor base substrate to a wiring layeron the second semiconductor base substrate within a range surrounded bythe insulation layer; and

a step of forming the through electrode inside the opening portion.

(13)

The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to (12),further including:

a step of etching the first semiconductor base substrate within therange surrounded by the insulation layer, and then etching the firstsemiconductor base substrate remaining in an inner wall surface of theinsulation layer in the step of forming the opening portion.

(14)

The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to (12) or(13), including:

a step of forming a first conductive layer in a wiring layer on thefirst surface of the first semiconductor base substrate,

wherein, in the step of forming the opening portion, an opening portionis formed in the first conductive layer such that an opening on thesecond surface side of the first semiconductor base substrate is largeand an opening on the first surface side of the first semiconductor basesubstrate is small.

(15)

The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to any oneof (12) to (14), including:

a step of selectively etching the first semiconductor base substrate inthe range surrounded by the insulation layer; and

a step of etching a part of an inner surface side of the insulationlayer.

(16)

The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to (12),including:

a step of forming a first conductive layer in a wiring layer on thefirst surface of the first semiconductor base substrate, and forming anelectrode protective layer between the insulation layer and the firstconductive layer,

wherein the step of forming the opening portion includes a step ofetching the first semiconductor base substrate in the range surroundedby the insulation layer and a step of etching the portion from theelectrode protective layer to the wiring layer on the secondsemiconductor base substrate.

(17)

The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to (16),wherein, in the step of forming the electrode protective layer, theelectrode protective layer is formed such that the edge portion on anopening side of the electrode protective layer protrudes more in thecenter direction of an opening than the edge portion on an opening sideof the insulation layer.

(18)

The method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to (16) or(17), wherein the electrode protective layer and the first conductivelayer are formed in conjunction with the wiring layer on the firstsurface of the first semiconductor base substrate.

(19)

An electronic device including:

a semiconductor device according to any one of (1) to (11); and

a signal processing circuit that processes an output signal of thesemiconductor device.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

-   10 first chip-   11 first semiconductor base substrate-   12, 22 wiring layer-   13, 14 protective layer-   15 insulation layer-   16, 16A, 16B first electrode pad-   17, 17A through electrode-   18, 24 inter-layer insulation layer-   20 second chip-   21 second semiconductor base substrate-   23 second electrode pad-   25 bonding surface-   31 hard mask layer-   32, 33, 33A, 33B opening portion-   34 resist-   35 electrode protective layer-   36 wiring electrode-   40 camera-   41 solid-state imaging device-   42 optical system-   43 shutter device-   44 driving circuit-   45 signal processing circuit

What is claimed is:
 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a firstsemiconductor base substrate; a second semiconductor base substrate thatis bonded onto a first surface side of the first semiconductor basesubstrate; a through electrode that is formed to penetrate from a secondsurface side of the first semiconductor base substrate to a wiring layeron the second semiconductor base substrate; and an insulation layer thatsurrounds a circumference of the through electrode formed inside thefirst semiconductor base substrate.
 2. The semiconductor deviceaccording to claim 1, comprising: a first conductive layer in a wiringlayer on the first surface of the first semiconductor base substrate,wherein a side surface of the through electrode is connected to thefirst conductive layer.
 3. The semiconductor device according to claim2, wherein a bottom portion of the through electrode is connected to asecond conductive layer provided in the wiring layer on the secondsemiconductor base substrate, and the first and second conductive layersare connected to each other via the through electrode.
 4. Thesemiconductor device according to claim 2, wherein the first conductivelayer includes an opening connected to the side surface of the throughelectrode.
 5. The semiconductor device according to claim 4, wherein anopening width of the first conductive layer is smaller than a width ofan opening portion of the through electrode.
 6. The semiconductor deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein a length of an inside of the insulationlayer is greater than a width of an opening portion of the throughelectrode.
 7. The semiconductor device according to claim 4, wherein theopening of the first conductive layer is formed such that an opening onthe second surface side of the first semiconductor base substrate isgreat and an opening on the first surface side of the firstsemiconductor base substrate is small.
 8. The semiconductor deviceaccording to claim 7, wherein the opening of the first conductive layeris formed in a shape having an inclined surface.
 9. The semiconductordevice according to claim 8, wherein an inclination angle of an innersurface of an opening portion of the first conductive layer is equal toor smaller than 40°.
 10. The semiconductor device according to claim 2,comprising: an electrode protective layer disposed between theinsulation layer, the first conductive layer protecting the firstconductive layer.
 11. The semiconductor device according to claim 10,wherein the electrode protective layer is formed of a same material asan oxide included in the wiring layer on the first surface of the firstsemiconductor base substrate, and wherein the first conductive layer isformed of a same material as one of a wire or an electrode included inthe wiring layer on the first surface of the first semiconductor basesubstrate.
 12. An electronic device comprising: a semiconductor devicethat includes a first semiconductor base substrate, a secondsemiconductor base substrate that is bonded onto a first surface side ofthe first semiconductor base substrate, a through electrode that isformed to penetrate from a second surface side of the firstsemiconductor base substrate to a wiring layer on the secondsemiconductor base substrate, and an insulation layer that surrounds acircumference of the through electrode formed inside the firstsemiconductor base substrate; and a signal processing circuit thatprocesses an output signal of the semiconductor device.